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The Associated Press

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WASHINGTON - Roads and canals connected walled cities and villages.

The communities were laid out around central plazas. Nearby, smaller settlements focused on agriculture and fish farming.

The place: the now-overgrown jungles of Brazil.

The time: centuries before Europeans landed in the Americas.

Once, about 1,500 years ago, an essentially urban culture existed in what is now jungle settled by scattered tribes, researchers report in Friday's edition of the journal Science.

They weren't as sophisticated as well-known cultures such as the Maya to the north, but their culture was more complex than anthropologists had thought.

The find "requires a rethinking of what early urbanism may have been like, in diverse and variant forms," said Michael Heckenberger of the University of Florida, lead author of the study.

Heckenberger and colleagues first reported evidence of the culture - which he calls Xingu after the local river - in 2003 and now have unearthed details of the ancient communities.

The researchers found evidence of 28 prehistoric residential sites. Initial colonization began about 1,500 years ago, and the villages they studied were dated to between 750 and 450 years ago. The local population declined sharply after Europeans arrived.

Villages were distinguished by surrounding ditches, with berms on the inside made from material dug from the ditch and topped with a wooden palisade wall, Heckenberger reported.